Societal Perspective on:
Abortion - Drug Prohibition - Eugenics - Women's Rights
"We have talked long enough in this country about equal rights. It is time now to... write it in the books of law."
-Lyndon Johnson
Abortion is defined by Merriam and Webster as a medical procedure used to end a pregnancy and cause the death of a fetus(1). This issue was brought about by a court case where Jane Roe attempted to remove anti-abortion laws for her baby while she was pregnant. Although, by the time the case had been determined her baby was already delivered and adopted(2). However, the effects were long reaching and monumental(2). The two countering viewpoints are pro-life and pro-choice. A pro-life stance believes that a life regardless of age is a life and abortion should not be an option for pregnant women. In contrast, the pro-choice stance believes that women should be allowed the choice to make a good decision on whether keeping the fetus is a good decision in her current circumstance. These two views strike on deep moral fibers and often reflect on religious affiliation.
21st Century ViewAccording to an extensive poll conducted by Elizabeth Adell Cook and supportive research team, concluded that 70% of Americans believe that the government should not ban abortion(3). Further, 85% of Americans believe that under reasonable circumstances it should be legal, with only 15% opposing all abortion (3). Reasonable circumstances set in place were suggested to be parental notification and parental consent. This shows that the general majority of Americans are pro-choice. From this, it can be drawn that in the current time period, the general consensus is that the Roe v. Wade case was fairly judged where strict anti-abortion laws should be limited and be allowed. This case was monumental and still stands ground today along with its implications. However, there is always two sides to the story--30% of Americans against abortion. Among the pro-choice opposed, highly politically conservative and Catholic followers hold an adamant common belief for the abolition of abortion(4). Research by Paul Sullins unveiled that in the United States only 10% of Catholics were pro-choice(5). Rivaling the general population which 70% of normal Americans that are pro-choice.
Final General Viewpoint: Pro-Choice The picture above shows a pro-choice illustration. It depicts that women have the mind to make their own decision. In addition, it speaks that the women has to endure the consequences of having and bearing a child. The is a pro-choice view for the issue of abortion.
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19th Century ViewAlthough abortion wasn't always a political issue in the 19th century, it still occurred(6). While science in the 19th century was much less advanced, pills. oils, and fluids were used although the content and efficacy is not well published(6). Some non-marketed products during the period included the "Female Regulator", "Periodical drops", "Uterine Regulator", and the "Woman's Friend"(6). Some drug stores held seven or more pills for women contraception including "Belcher's female cure" despite douching remaining the most common practice. However, these devices were looked upon in a negative light as women were supposed to avoid coquette nature and act as a woman with sexual withdraw and restraint. The public view was that women were supposed to be sexually disinterested(7). It was said that the "ideal female was...sensitive and loving," as well as "spokeswoman for morality...past uncontrolled sexuality"(7). While little to no evidence of actual abortion in the time period along with the societal standard of reserved sexual nature suggest that contraception was looked down upon and the large volume of progeny per woman suggests less use of contraceptive and less abortion.
Final Generated Viewpoint: Pro-Life This image is a pro-life cartoon. It depicts a attractive child stating the moral implications of abortion. The child represents a fetus that is still in development. With abortion, this child would never have been able to live and grow as he has. In addition, the child represents a very basic creature which in this case claims that even he can reason the moral injustice of abortion
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Drug Prohibition
Drugs is defined by Merriam and Webster as "an illegal and often harmful substance (such as heroin, cocaine, LSD, or marijuana) that people take for pleasure." Recreational and applicable drug use has been in existence for ages(9). Tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, cocaine, opium, and various other synthetic and processed drugs are used for recreational use. Even abuse of prescribed drugs has become popular(10). Laws on drugs vary around the world. In the United States, most drugs are illicit to the public without doctor prescription. Exceptions to this include alcohol, caffeine, tobacco, and medical marijuana where these drugs are restricted by age. Drug allowance has become a political issue with legislation to prohibit illicit drug use except in cases of medical benefit as seen by the Harrison Narcotic act of 1914 helped create a more regulated dispensing service for opium(11).
21st Century ViewIn today's age, the Americans perception towards drugs are mixed. Alcohol legality is not hotly debated in the United States. However, marijuana's legality has been disputed. A study conducted by Andrew Lockwood Chalsma and David Boyum studied the opinion of high school students to analyze the risk of marijuana (12). The results yielded that of these young adults only 20% view the effects of marijuana to be of great risk(12). Young peoples viewpoint is shown to be progressive. This might impact further legislative change in years to come when they gain the right to vote(12). However, America's recent voting record contrasts from the younger view(13). Polling suggests that voting is progressive in its nature over recent years but is still in favor of the prohibition. According to the poll, 46% of Americans are in favor of legalization, rising from 12% in 1970 and 31% in 2002(13). The findings in these polls suggest that the 21st century use is a progressive view towards the legalization of marijuana but currently the view towards oppression has the majority. In contrast to marijuana, cocaine's legality is not disputed with a slim margin. Roughly 1 in 4 college students have consumed cocaine as determined through data collection and analysis by Greg Loken and James Kennedy (13). These values seem high in comparison to which one currently in college culture would expect. Cocaine is normally where the line is drawn for acceptable drug use amongst college risk-takers because of its extreme psychological addiction (16). Cocaine is known to alter the chemical nature of one's brain and central nervous system(16). Only 11% of Americans are in support of legalization of cocaine(14). Another stimulant, caffeine, is a more mild drug that isn't in high priority to be banned(17). Caffeine has been banned for direct mixture with alcohol in alcoholic beverages(17). Although this drug is very mainstream and its effects are not ones which many people fear: increased heat rate, neurological synapses, and brain processing(18).
From the data acquired above, the majority of American's believe that currently illegal drugs should maintain their illegal status. According to the polls, the common views is that the following list remains illegal: cocaine, opiates, prescription drugs, and marijuana. In addition, caffeine, tobacco, and alcohol are widely used and their legality is supported. The stance that is held is a progressive one for the more mild illegal drugs like marijuana, shown by recent legislation. In addition, the supporters for marijuana legality are steadily on the rise and this issue could change in the near future. Final stance: Illegal substances: opium, marijuana, and cocaine should remain illicit although it is a progressive view that is open to change. Legal substances: tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine will remain legal. The figure above shows the converging trend for marijuana support. The opposition is decreasing while the support has increasing substantially from the 1970's to 2010 from 12 percent support to 46 percent supporting it.
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19th Century ViewEven in the 19th century drug use was prevalent(9). While many would think that alcohol and tobacco were the only recreational drugs, this is far from the truth. Marijuana was a drug that did not become widely used until the 1920's. Cannabis was used primarily for its medicinal effects(19). Marijuana assisted in treating psychiatric problems as well as anorexia, muscle spasms, and nausea (19,20). Marijuana's medicinal application was prevalent; however, the recreational use of marijuana was limited with the availability of more powerful opiates. Opium was a popular recreational drug used to relieve pain. In 1803, Friedrich Serturner discovered how to further process opium for stronger effects--with ten times the strength of unprocessed opiates(9). These effects were implemented first into the military for periods of war but spread to medicinal uses in non-war time periods and then general public use(9). The public's access for opiates were widely available and abused(9). The abuse of this drug came before the addictiveness was recognized(9). Another drug that became popular during the 19th century was tobacco. This began when Christopher Columbus's crew discovered tobacco in the America's(9). The Native American's used it for medicinal applications. Europeans then began to use it primarily as a chewing tobacco drug rather than smoking, which gained popularity in the 1900's(9). Nasal snuff tobacco was also used(21). Tobacco was considered to be of high class as it was expensive cash crop (21). Tobacco was widely used in Europe and the America's during the 19th century (21). Caffeine was another stimulant that existed during the time period. Caffeine was isolated and discovered by Friedlieb Ferdinand Runge in 1819(22). However, cocoa was discovered when Cortez came to the America's where it was further processed into chocolate (22). Cocoa was also a beverage referred to as "the drink of the gods" by royalty (22). Cocoa was originally expensive but was very popular. Another derivative of the cocoa plant was cocaine (23). Cocaine was used to inhibit fatigue, mental issues, and even further depression (23). Cocaine was processed into drinks including fountain beverages and wines during the late 19th century (9). Cocaine use was prevalent in the 19th century(9).
From the data and history cited above, the general consensus was that drugs were viewed as recreational and medicinal substances. Higher class individuals could afford the higher class drugs that were imported. Tobacco, alcohol, opiates, and cocaine were used. The most prevalent of these drugs being alcohol, tobacco, and opiates. Opium caused many deaths as individuals overdosed on the substance. The frequency and prevalence of this drug use would suggest societal acceptance to these substances. Mass production of cocaine soda and wine Overall, drug use of tobacco, alcohol, opium, and cocaine were all prevalent during the time period. Final Presumed Stance: Legalization of all illicit substances described above: opium, marijuana,cocaine, tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine. On the basis of common recreational use during the 19th century. The image above is an example of a retail product: COCA Wine which was wine with cocaine. In addition, cocaine was added to other products, such as Coca-Cola. This shows common recreational drug use. This would support the idea of drug legalization for their modern day view.
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Merriam-Webster defines Eugenics as "a science that tries to improve the human race by controlling which people become parents" (26). Eugenics is and has been an issue that walks a tight-rope of moral implications and values. Eugenics is most dominantly highlighted by the Nazi regime in Germany in the early 1900's (27). Evolutionary thoughts of "survival of the fittest" resonated throughout political campaigns in the (28). Germany took the idea to the extreme with the idea to promote the Aryan race which he viewed as superior and attempted to weed out the Jewish, Gypsies, and the inferior of society (29). The idea of Eugenics as a whole is to promote selected traits and characteristics to improve the human race. Eugenics is derived from Greek meaning, "good in birth" (29). Eugenics sterilization had existed prior to the 19th century although the practices for sterilizations has changed (29).
21st Century ViewEugenics in today's world has a very negative connotation. Modern society directly associates genocide to eugenics. This occurs as a result of World War II. World War II was waged with Nazi Germany striving for world eugenics through extermination of races and individuals deemed inferior. While this is an injustice to those who believe in eugenics, deciding who is allowed to reproduce would steal from citizens some unalienable rights as determined by the constitution. Aldous Huxley and Hermann Muller were famous American figures that supported eugenics but to a lesser degree than the radically thinking Nazi's (27). In light of this idea, current issues such as abortion and prenatal testing, also aligns with the idea of Eugenics(30). These ideas destroy lives that are viewed upon as problematic from a developmental genetic point of view and remove the problem through abortion(30). Most see that the more mild practices such as prenatal testing and abortion to be less severe than the extremist connotations derived from the second World War (27). Some viewed this topic and feared the power that science had acquired (27). The fact that science had the possibility to shape the human experience by selecting who was allowed to give birth and survive (27). Denmark in the 1950's insisted on individuals inflicted with so-called mental retardation or psychiatric sterilization (27). Subjects like this strikes a moral conflict amongst varying individuals while some see it as a benefit to society but others see it as morally unjust (27). The idea of revoking the right of reproduction would be interpreted by many as tyrannic, stripping an unalienable right from a citizen. In the United States, Eugenics also started with sterilization of the mentally ill and so-called retarded but soon expanded to other problematic individuals: the financially struggling, alcoholics, prostitutes, and orphans. States, United States researcher Dowbiggin concluded that "precious few heroes are psychiatrists," but still there were "certifiable villains" (29).
The United States, like the rest of the world in the 20th century, viewed eugenics as controversial but with benefit (at least for those unaffiliated by its effects). Most of the topic of eugenics was a result of sterilization of those deemed as genetically problematic for the future. The popularity of eugenics plummeted after the genocidal implications post-WWII. While mild form of Eugenics, like prenatal screening and abortion has been deemed acceptable. Final Stance: Strict or Progressive Eugenics: Completely unacceptable Mild Eugenics (prenatal screening): Acceptable in circumstance. This graph shows the total number of sterilizations. Sterilization is an example of eugenics. The Mentally ill were subject to such treatment, The number of sterilization was steady around 1921-1950 which it then decreased significantly.
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19th Century ViewThe genesis of eugenics began at the latter parts of the 19th century. The term was coined in England in 1883 by Francis Galton (33). This movement occurred as a result of the works of Darwin (28 and 33). Eugenics was an attempt of political exertion of self-induced "survival of the fittest" (28 and 34). For this movement, sterilization and abstinence was encouraged for much of the individuals deemed inferior: the poor and mentally ill (34). Eugenic practices like isolation and sterilization were practices implemented from the 19th-20th century(35). At the turn of the 19th century even the United States was afflicted with the movement (33). Indiana even created a law that required the so-called mentally retarded and psychotically ill to be "involuntarily infertilized [sic]" (33). The ideas of eugenics movement came progressively as genetic knowledge of chromosomes were unraveled (35). However, the concept of blood-line genetics had been a long withstanding idea as exhibited by royal families. The idea of cultivating the 'elite' of society was not an innovative idea as it had been practiced for ages. The social hierarchy and the chain of being, suppressed the lower classes and races. The higher class courted with the upper class as the middle class and lower class did with their respective peers. This established system acted as a pseudo eugenic program where the lower class was discouraged to reproduce and the esteemed of society reproduced often. While the class system was not defined by law, it was still a socially constructed concept allowing upper-class families to continue to prosper and suppressed the untouchables of society.
Through the information stated above, eugenic law was not present in the early-middle 1800's but began to take flight at the turn of the century. Eugenics may not have been coined during the early portion but the suppression of the lower class and promotion of the upper class shows implications of support on the more modern issue. Sterilization in the form of castration was a strategy used in at the very end of the 19th century. These tactics were employed to inhibit reproductive success which society deemed mentally ill or so-called retarded. In total, the implications of the hierarchy of society and primitive eugenics shows a support for eugenics as a whole. This being said, support from the lower class would be hard to attain, but most likely the higher class would not permit voting of the large population of untouchables. Thus, the majority viewpoint would discourage eugenics but the voting population of the higher class would support eugenics. Final stance: General Viewpoint: Anti-Eugenics High Class Voting Population: Pro-Eugenics The figure above shows the social hierarchy in England. The structure shows the three distinct classes, the sub-classes, and examples of job descriptions for each. This shows the eugenics ideals in that the sublime royalty was deemed superior and was allowed greater chance to reproduce and offspring survival than the lower class.
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WOMEN'S PROGRESSION
Merriam and Webster defines women's rights as "legal, political, and social rights for women that are equal to those of men"(37). The women's rights movement really began in the mid-19th century (37). Women gathered for the first time in America beginning in the year 1848 in Seneca Falls (38). The women's right movement movement began as a result of under representation and inequality (38). Women before and during the 19th century were viewed as inferior beings (39). This was shown as the time period constructed a chain of being. This chain of being attempted to generate a social hierarchy synthesized by the white males for white males (40). The beastly spectrum was aligned closer with African American Women. The chain progressed in the following order: Apes, African American Females, African American Males, American Females, American Males, European Females, European Males, Gods (39). As seen by the figure, females in all cases were viewed as less than male counterparts. Not only were women viewed as inferior but were treated as such. Women were held to certain societal standards. Women's were restricted from employment in high scientific fields and most jobs in general. Women were exclusively viewed as housekeepers and dwellers. For those with higher pursuit, they were discouraged by society and were fighting against the stream. Women's movement for equality required great courage, as they fought against tremendous odds.
21st Century ViewWhile the 21st century women's rights status differs from the 19th century views, the progression isn't over. Women's right has come very far since the 19th century as seen by the graph found below and to the right. To judge the views of modern issues, figure and polls were extracted and analyzed.
Figure 1: Managerial Inequality Analysis The scale of equality has not been completely leveled. In today's world, only 34% of mangers are women and fewer yet compose executive boards--16%. However, the most telling number for the figure below is the CEO's and board chairperson status which align at 7.9% and 3.0% respectively. Figure 2: Wage Analysis
The poll above was a census conducted on average gender wages. This graph shows consistent sexual discrimination amongst wages for all ages for females. In every age division, the males out earn their female counterparts. The greatest distinction appears to be from highest earners at age 50. These values show sexual discrimination in the workplace and elucidates in human inequality. The discrepancy of wage reflects on the ideology of the 21st century with less but still presence inequality shown here in the workplace, but also applicable in the workplace. Figure 3 Analysis: Professional Degrees
This figure shows how women's accessibility to education has become a level playing ground. Starting in the 1970's males PhD degrees were outnumbered over 6:1 from males to females. Since, progression and accessibility has allowed for women to even surpass men in PhD accrual in 2010 data collection. Further, a similar trend has occurred in professional degrees which females have significantly closed the gap in professional degrees. In this, the data shows that women have had increased availability to education as a whole and greater social acceptance to higher education. This figure shows progressive trend towards women's equality. Final Stance:
Approval of the Progression of Women's Rights, however, inequality still present |
Final Stance:
Strong Disapproval of Women's Rights Progression Strong Women's Inequality |
Further Gender Inequality Examples
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Work Cited and Further Research Material:
1 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abortion
2 http://science.jburroughs.org/mbahe/BioEthics/Articles/Summary_Roe_v_Wade.pdf.
3 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2136159?seq=2
4 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00357.x/abstract
5 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387757?seq=2
6 http://books.google.com/books?id=Wbeoi0rGvpkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=abortion&f=false
7 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40970115?seq=4
8 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/drugs
9 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iWNAcvEI5DsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=history+of+illicit+drugs+19th+century&ots=nLeMlUnezt&sig=hcksiZFC2kZ0R8ZJbLJB-XUmQ_U#v=snippet&q=tobacco&f=false
10 http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2007-07417-007
11 http://blogs.elespectador.com/ladrograycolombia/files/2011/05/Licit-and-illicit.pdf
12 https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Photocopy/152767NCJRS.pdf13http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Federal%20medical%20cannabis%20case/2012-12-11%2027-2%20Ex%20%201%20to%20Second%20Chao%20Decl.pdf
13 http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Federal%20medical%20cannabis%20case/2012-12-11%2027-2%20Ex%20%201%20to%20Second%20Chao%20Decl.pdf
14 http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/may_2012/11_favor_legalizing_regulating_cocaine
15 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/hoflr18&div=25&g_sent=1&collection=journals#577
16 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/251/5001/1580.short
17 http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b5268?rss=1&utm_source=BMJ%252520twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%25253A%252520bmj%25252Frecent%252520(Latest%252520from%252520BMJ)
18 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02245786#page-1
19 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/e632.full
20 http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/178/2/116.full
21 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IpiZ9vrvPRIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA74&dq=upper+class+tobacco+use+1800%27s&ots=UbWA8MS7hZ&sig=DOQsabxS-uX5bsV8BV7iz9N6aUY#v=onepage&q&f=false
22 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02290345
23 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_1#page-1
24 Mind Altering Drugs: Cocaine: A Guide to the History, uses and Effects of Psychoactive Drugs. 3rd Edition. Madison, WI. Hazelden Wisconsin Clearinghouse. 2000.
25 http://cocaine.org/cokewine.jpg
26 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eugenics
27 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2649776
28 http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-5140#back-mark-5140.f5
29 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683254/pdf/ajhg00082-0206.pdf30
30 Wertz D. 1997 'Eugenics Around the World', talk given at the International Symposium on Eugenics at the End of the 20th Century, Israel.
31 Dowbiggin, Keeping America Sane, xi.
32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127045/pdf/435.pdf
33 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/stlr13&id=843
34 Mary Z. Pelias, Eugenics, in : ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOSTASTICS 1399-1405 (P.
Armitage & T. Colton eds., 1998)
35 http://www.springer.com/biomed/human+genetics/book/978-3-540-37653-8
36 Alexander, Trent J., Katharine M. Donato, Donna R. Gabaccia, and Johanna Leinonen. "Women's representation among the foreign-born in 20 countries." Data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series films (IPUMS-USA and IPUMS-International), North Atlantic Population Project (NAAP).
36 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3078722?seq=2
37 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/women's%20rights
38 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_womens_history/v003/3.1.wellman.html
39 http://www.victorianweb.org/science/darwin/diniejko.html
40. Penelope Deutscher, “The Descent of Man and the Evolution of Woman” Hypatia 19, no. 2 (2004): 35-55
41. Eliza Burt Gamble, “The Supremacy of the Male,” in The Evolution of Woman: An Inquiry into the Dogma of Her Inferiority to Man (New York, London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894)
42. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898)
43. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ceyAAm0ODuwJ:pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/jarm/article/download/1865/1074+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
44. http://books.google.com/books?id=LHQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=As+a+woman+whose+husband+scorned+the+idea+of+an+obedient+wife+and+did+loyal+service,+in+teaching+human+equality+of+rights+and+privileges,+I&source=bl&ots=DcPfeMHfqe&sig=kxOzka4wYwKk9uvUucCAKOb7iMs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=waqeUubIKI6-qQHWvYDICw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=As%20a%20woman%20whose%20husband%20scorned%20the%20idea%20of%20an%20obedient%20wife%20and%20did%20loyal%20service%2C%20in%20teaching%20human%20equality%20of%20rights%20and%20privileges%2C%20I&f=false
Banner Picture: http://www.zengardner.com/wp-content/uploads/transhumanism_560-31011.jpg
Non-sourced images made by: Connor Kerndt
1 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/abortion
2 http://science.jburroughs.org/mbahe/BioEthics/Articles/Summary_Roe_v_Wade.pdf.
3 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2136159?seq=2
4 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1533-8525.1991.tb00357.x/abstract
5 http://www.jstor.org/stable/1387757?seq=2
6 http://books.google.com/books?id=Wbeoi0rGvpkC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q=abortion&f=false
7 http://www.jstor.org/stable/40970115?seq=4
8 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/drugs
9 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=iWNAcvEI5DsC&oi=fnd&pg=PR7&dq=history+of+illicit+drugs+19th+century&ots=nLeMlUnezt&sig=hcksiZFC2kZ0R8ZJbLJB-XUmQ_U#v=snippet&q=tobacco&f=false
10 http://psycnet.apa.org/psycinfo/2007-07417-007
11 http://blogs.elespectador.com/ladrograycolombia/files/2011/05/Licit-and-illicit.pdf
12 https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/Photocopy/152767NCJRS.pdf13http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Federal%20medical%20cannabis%20case/2012-12-11%2027-2%20Ex%20%201%20to%20Second%20Chao%20Decl.pdf
13 http://www.oaklandcityattorney.org/PDFS/Federal%20medical%20cannabis%20case/2012-12-11%2027-2%20Ex%20%201%20to%20Second%20Chao%20Decl.pdf
14 http://www.rasmussenreports.com/public_content/lifestyle/general_lifestyle/may_2012/11_favor_legalizing_regulating_cocaine
15 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/hoflr18&div=25&g_sent=1&collection=journals#577
16 http://www.sciencemag.org/content/251/5001/1580.short
17 http://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b5268?rss=1&utm_source=BMJ%252520twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter&utm_campaign=Feed%25253A%252520bmj%25252Frecent%252520(Latest%252520from%252520BMJ)
18 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02245786#page-1
19 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/113/6/e632.full
20 http://bjp.rcpsych.org/content/178/2/116.full
21 http://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=IpiZ9vrvPRIC&oi=fnd&pg=PA74&dq=upper+class+tobacco+use+1800%27s&ots=UbWA8MS7hZ&sig=DOQsabxS-uX5bsV8BV7iz9N6aUY#v=onepage&q&f=false
22 http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF02290345
23 http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_1#page-1
24 Mind Altering Drugs: Cocaine: A Guide to the History, uses and Effects of Psychoactive Drugs. 3rd Edition. Madison, WI. Hazelden Wisconsin Clearinghouse. 2000.
25 http://cocaine.org/cokewine.jpg
26 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eugenics
27 http://www.jstor.org/stable/2649776
28 http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-5140#back-mark-5140.f5
29 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1683254/pdf/ajhg00082-0206.pdf30
30 Wertz D. 1997 'Eugenics Around the World', talk given at the International Symposium on Eugenics at the End of the 20th Century, Israel.
31 Dowbiggin, Keeping America Sane, xi.
32 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1127045/pdf/435.pdf
33 http://heinonline.org/HOL/Print?collection=journals&handle=hein.journals/stlr13&id=843
34 Mary Z. Pelias, Eugenics, in : ENCYCLOPEDIA OF BIOSTASTICS 1399-1405 (P.
Armitage & T. Colton eds., 1998)
35 http://www.springer.com/biomed/human+genetics/book/978-3-540-37653-8
36 Alexander, Trent J., Katharine M. Donato, Donna R. Gabaccia, and Johanna Leinonen. "Women's representation among the foreign-born in 20 countries." Data from the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series films (IPUMS-USA and IPUMS-International), North Atlantic Population Project (NAAP).
36 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3078722?seq=2
37 http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/women's%20rights
38 http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/journal_of_womens_history/v003/3.1.wellman.html
39 http://www.victorianweb.org/science/darwin/diniejko.html
40. Penelope Deutscher, “The Descent of Man and the Evolution of Woman” Hypatia 19, no. 2 (2004): 35-55
41. Eliza Burt Gamble, “The Supremacy of the Male,” in The Evolution of Woman: An Inquiry into the Dogma of Her Inferiority to Man (New York, London: G.P. Putnam’s Sons, 1894)
42. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, Women and Economics: A Study of the Economic Relation Between Men and Women as a Factor in Social Evolution (Boston: Small, Maynard & Co., 1898)
43. http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:ceyAAm0ODuwJ:pi.library.yorku.ca/ojs/index.php/jarm/article/download/1865/1074+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us
44. http://books.google.com/books?id=LHQCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA171&lpg=PA171&dq=As+a+woman+whose+husband+scorned+the+idea+of+an+obedient+wife+and+did+loyal+service,+in+teaching+human+equality+of+rights+and+privileges,+I&source=bl&ots=DcPfeMHfqe&sig=kxOzka4wYwKk9uvUucCAKOb7iMs&hl=en&sa=X&ei=waqeUubIKI6-qQHWvYDICw&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=As%20a%20woman%20whose%20husband%20scorned%20the%20idea%20of%20an%20obedient%20wife%20and%20did%20loyal%20service%2C%20in%20teaching%20human%20equality%20of%20rights%20and%20privileges%2C%20I&f=false
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